Elaborate on the Evolution of Human Resource Management

Ans: Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as 4th century B. C. in his treatise titled â€Å"Arth –Shastra†. As it has been described in the book, there prevailed logical procedures and principles in respect of labor organizations such as Shreni or guild system and co-operative sector. The wages were paid strictly in terms of quantity and quality of work turned out and punishment were imposed for unnecessarily delaying the work or spoiling it. The concept of â€Å"Varnasharam† or caste system was originally based on these principles . The individuals who used to earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in activities such as teaching, sacrifices or state management were designated as Brahmins while those specializing in fighting were termed as Kshatiyas. From the 14th century B. C. to the later half of the 10th century A. D. , the relationships between the employer and employees were marked by justice and equity. As regards Indian economy in Mediaeval India, although there was a lull because of numerous foreign aggressions for around 700 years, during the Mughal rules, the Indian trade and commerce were revived. Several â€Å"Karkhanas† were established at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad and various other places. The Plantation Act of 1863 makes provisions that if the workers failed to complete their period of contract, they should be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three months. Explicitly, the working conditions in the tea plantations were extremely bad. Accordingly, the workers were entirely helpless in the face of the organized and powerful European planters. In 1905, the printers’ Union at Calcutta and in 1907, the Postal Union at Bombay was established. In 1922, the indentured labor system involving migration of India Labor to other countries on contract basis was abolished as a result of a strong National movement. In the same year, the Central Labor Board was established to federate the different unions in the Bombay city and the All India Trade Union Congress was organized. It may be noted that the reliable statistics of trade union growth are not available for the period before the formal implementation of the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926. Betw2een 1939-40 and 1944-45 the number of registered trade unions increased from 666 to 865. During period 1947-1960 industrial employment rose by 2. 8 times, the total claimed union membership also went up by 2. 3 times. In 1960, 45 percent of the total industrial workforce was claimed to be unionized. Today, the total membership is estimated to be around 4. 3 million i. e. 28 percent of total workforce. MB0027 Human Resource Management Assignment 1 Answer the following questions: Q1:Elaborate on the evolution of Human Resource Management. Ans: Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as 4th century B. C. in his treatise titled â€Å"Arth –Shastra†. As it has been described in the book, there prevailed logical procedures and principles in respect of labor organizations such as Shreni or guild system and co-operative sector. The wages were paid strictly in terms of quantity and quality of work turned out and punishment were imposed for unnecessarily delaying the work or spoiling it. The concept of â€Å"Varnasharam† or caste system was originally based on these principles . The individuals who used to earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in activities such as teaching, sacrifices or state management were designated as Brahmins while those specializing in fighting were termed as Kshatiyas. From the 14th century B. C. to the later half of the 10th century A. D. , the relationships between the employer and employees were marked by justice and equity. As regards Indian economy in Mediaeval India, although there was a lull because of numerous foreign aggressions for around 700 years, during the Mughal rules, the Indian trade and commerce were revived. Several â€Å"Karkhanas† were established at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad and various other places. The Plantation Act of 1863 makes provisions that if the workers failed to complete their period of contract, they should be imprisoned for a period not exceeding three months. Explicitly, the working conditions in the tea plantations were extremely bad. Accordingly, the workers were entirely helpless in the face of the organized and powerful European planters. In 1905, the printers’ Union at Calcutta and in 1907, the Postal Union at Bombay was established. In 1922, the indentured labor system involving migration of India Labor to other countries on contract basis was abolished as a result of a strong National movement. In the same year, the Central Labor Board was established to federate the different unions in the Bombay city and the All India Trade Union Congress was organized. It may be noted that the reliable statistics of trade union growth are not available for the period before the formal implementation of the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926. Betw2een 1939-40 and 1944-45 the number of registered trade unions increased from 666 to 865. During period 1947-1960 industrial employment rose by 2. 8 times, the total claimed union membership also went up by 2. 3 times. In 1960, 45 percent of the total industrial workforce was claimed to be unionized. Today, the total membership is estimated to be around 4. 3 million i. e. 28 percent of total workforce.

How to Break Up with Your Boyfriend

How to cope with being dumped by your boyfriend â€Å"I pray your brakes go out running down a hill, I pray a flower pot falls from a window sill, and knocks you in the head like I'd like to.. † Pray for you-Jaron and the long road to love. When you have a boyfriend whose cheating on you, you need to take certain steps to ensure that you make him as miserable as he made you. You will need to show him that the break up didn't hurt you (even if it really did), delete his phone number from his contacts and delete him off of facebook, and flirt with other boys and have fun!To show him that you didn't care about the break up call him up some day and ask him to go to lunch or a movie, when he says yes make sure you have enough time to get yourself looking super good before your date. Show up a few minutes late so you can make an entrance and just go in and sit down, after a few minutes of awkward silence say ‘I'm so glad we broke up, I've been seeing this other guy and I think it's going to work out really well, my family loves him. Don't explain any more and get up and walk away. He will be sitting there wondering what the heck he just threw out the window, and you being so happy about it will really hit him where it hurts. When you delete his phone number and delete him from facebook he will no longer be able to ‘check up' on you, which will drive him insane. Go out and have fun with your girls and show him that you're having the time of your life, and he's really missing out on it.If he texts you just reply with a simple â€Å"hey, who is this? † and nothing more, he'll wonder why you deleted his number out of your phone and realize you really are done with him.. Which will really hurt his ego. Flirt alot! if you ever see him out or around school act really playful with all of the guys around you, even his friends, if you have enough courage to do so.If he sits a couple seats behind you in class make a plan with one of your friends to tal k about this new mysterious guy you've been seeing and really make him wonder who it could be, and who could be so much better than he was? â€Å"I pray your birthday comes and nobody calls, I pray you're flying high when your engine stalls, I pray all your dreams, never come true.. † Pray for you -Jaron and the long road to love. So when you get broken up with the next time, and it's really hurting you, try these three easy steps in making it look easy, in the process!

Little Drummer Kid Essay

Back when I was a child I never asked for much. I never had much of an interest in toys and spent most of my time alone. Even at the age of 8 I was a deep thinker, always questioning why things happen the way they do. I was constantly observing the world around me as if I was on the outside. I learned to appreciate silence at such a young age and didn’t speak much. I only spoke when I was spoken to, and even then I’d give a short response. I felt like I had so much to say but never found the right way to say it. I never found my voice until my eighth birthday when I had received a present that would forever change my life and give me a voice. My parents knew that I had a deep interest in music, heavy metal in particular, and would often catch me outside pretending to play drums with small twigs as drumsticks and various sized rocks for drums. My stepfather was a singer and he played in bands all the time so I was used to seeing musical instruments and recording equipmen t throughout the house. I used to tell my mom that I wanted to be a talented drummer someday so I could be in a band with my stepfather. For about three months my mom kept hinting that if I was good, went to school, and made sure I was always cleaning up after myself that I would get a special present on my birthday. So along comes my birthday and we pull up to my grandmother’s house, which is where all my birthday parties were, and I can see all the Halloween decorations that she had made herself. My birthday is on October 28th so we always had Halloween parties for my birthday. My whole family would dress up in whatever they want, my grandmother would decorate the living room and kitchen with various creepy Halloween Jack o lanterns, fake spiders hanging from the ceiling which was made to look like a giant spider web, and the infamous electronic bat that she would hang on the ceiling fan so it looked like it was flying around in circles. The bat would often fly off the fan and hit someone in the head or get in someone’s food. It was something that everybody would be afraid to admit they actually enjoy. Even though it’s dangerous, everyone would burst  out laughing and start talking about how they knew it would happen eventually. I don’t remember too much about the actual party and I really can’t recall what presents I had gotten from other family members. All that was on my mind was what my mom had said 3 months prior. I made sure I was doing well in school, made my bed every morning and washed my dishes after I would eat. I was trying my best to be a good boy so I could get that â€Å"special present† that my mom had told me about. The party was slowing down and everyone was leaving so I got to say goodbye to everyone but I was pretty upset and let down. I got many gifts but none were what I actually wanted: a drum set. My parents and I were getting ready to leave and my excitement from the day had quickly faded. I just sulked around for the last few minutes while my mom packed up all my stuff and said goodbye to my grandmother. My mom looked at me while we were walking to the car and said, â€Å"Joey, don’t look so sad. There’s one more gift waiting for you at home. It w as too big to bring to your grandmas.† She had a big smile on her face and in that moment I knew exactly what she was talking about. Upon arriving at home I ran out of the car, up the stairs, and waited impatiently for my parents to hurry up and unlock the front door. They yelled to me, â€Å"Don’t you want your gifts out of the trunk before we go inside?† I truly didn’t care about those other gifts, so I just stood where I was and waited, bouncing up and down with a huge grin on my face. My mom came and unlocked the door quickly because she knew what I was waiting for. As soon as we went inside I ran off like a little maniac, running through the entire house, looking for a drum set. My mother seemed to be in shock. Normally I was a quiet and composed kid, but here I was running around, screaming, and she didn’t know what to do. As I ran by her for about the fifth time, she grabbed my arm and told me to relax and she would show me my present. She said it was in the basement but she wanted me to walk slowly with her so I didn’t fall down the stairs. We went down and at the bottom was this big thing covered with a giant sheet. I knew I had gotten what I’ve been wanting: A drum set. When I had first looked at it I was in complete amazement. This wasn’t a child sized drum set, which I’ve seen in music magazines. I was already big for my age so my parents didn’t want to buy something for me that I would grow out of quickly. So they decided to buy me a $2500 7-piece Pearl drum set. It was huge! My entire body at the time could have fit inside the floor  toms and the bass drums. I fell in love with it as soon as I saw it. It was painted all white and the drumheads were clear so I could see the inside of each drum. I remember staring in amazement just looking at the wood on the inside wondering how they get it to bend so perfectly into the shape of a circle. The first few moments looking at the drums are the fondest memories I have of my childhood. The way the light gleamed off of the shiny gold cymbals was mesmerizing and the smell of the wood was so strong that it had imagined the entire drum set being cut from trees and put together all in my basement just for me. A feeling of stillness and calm washed over me like a tide. For the first time in my life, even at that young age, I had felt fully at peace. It’s almost indescribable how intense this experience was. Before I had even picked up the drumsticks, I knew I had found my calling. It was late in the night and I understood that I wouldn’t be able to play right then and there, but I knew that I was going to start playing bright and early the next morning. That night I had sat up in my room and listened to almost every cd I had, trying to pay attention to the drum parts that I wanted to try and play. Before I knew it, the sun was up and I was ready to play drums for the first time. I decided to wait until my mom woke up before I would startle her out of bed with the loud crashing of cymbals. As soon as she woke up and came out of her room, she saw me sitting quietly at the kitchen table. She knew what I was waiting for and simple said, â€Å"Go ahead.† I had ran down the stairs so quickly that I think my feet only touched 2 steps. I finally picked up the drumsticks and sat down behind the entire drum set and looked out to the objects in the room like random boxes, chairs, and stuff that was down there for storage and pretended that they were all people and I was a rock star playing in front of a huge crowd. I didn’t waste any time and stated swinging the sticks. I had finally found my voice: through music. I seemed to have a natural talent and playing what I felt was easy for me from then on. I played my emotions and spoke my mind through that drum set. It made me feel so much more significant in the world. Playing drums is the most empowering thing I’ve ever found in my life. To this day I still play drums. I’ve been in about a dozen local bands and have played around 100 shows in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Though I currently do not play in bands, I still love playing for myself. It’s the most therapeutic thing for me. It channels all of my sadness,  anger, joy, and empathy into a form of art. It’s a healthy outlet for me especially with so many stressors in my life. I need drums in my life to help me deal with certain struggles. Even at my darkest times, my drums and all of my music have been right there with me and help me persevere through any obstacle that comes my way. I’m a drummer and that’s all I ever wanted. Even if I am never famous, I’m still content with everything I continue to create for myself.

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Writer's choice - Essay Example According to the United Nations, terrorism is a criminal activity that is calculated or intended to produce a state of fear in the civilian population. After 2001, September 11 attacks, the U.S. government termed all kinds of non-state force ‘terrorism. Terrorism results from religious extremists, states, insurgents, and criminals. Due to the challenges faced by the government to fight terrorism, new technologies have emerged to assist in the fight against terror. Some of these technologies include the monitoring of private communications of individuals around the world and mass surveillance of U.S. citizens. The DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) reported that it has created an information technology that could allow access to personal identifiable information to be in the war on terror. As a result, this has attracted a lot of questions from the general public as well as political bodies on its effectiveness, legality, and ethical boundaries. The concern revolves around the likelihood of the government utilizing personal information on permanent denizen aliens and U.S. citizens that has been gathered by private or public organizations without their consent. According to NSA, there are two programs that focus on the foreign and domestic surveillance. The local program, ‘metadata program functions by section 215 of the USA Patriotic Act and consist of gathering of all record data inclusive of times of calls and phone numbers. The foreign program ‘PRISM program works according to section 702 of (FISA) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. FISA Act permits a government to perform surveillance that targets the content of communication by non-U.S. citizens that are abroad. This inspection obtains foreign intelligence data. President Obama in 2014 acknowledges the ‘legitimate privacy interests of the non-U.S and U.S. individuals as conformity to fundamental principles. He defines the activity of foreign intelligence

The difference between Strategy and Management Research Paper

The difference between Strategy and Management - Research Paper Example The paper tells that there are some core functions of management, which are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. These functions completely explain the concept of management. Management starts from planning. Plan is made according to the goals. Plan provides manager with a way to achieve the goal within the required time and resources. The time and cost schedules are prepared in accordance with the plan prepared. After the plan is made, the manager accumulates the resources required to accomplish the goal. This occurs in the stage of organizing. Either in-house resources are utilized or the resources are outsourced depending upon which of the two proves more convenient in terms of cost and accessibility. Staffing is basically linked to the stage of organizing. The difference between the two stages is that in organizing, non-human resources are accumulated whereas in staffing, human resources are accumulated. This is the stage in which the manager advertises the jo bs and recruits. The manager chooses the process of recruitment from among a myriad of options that include but are not limited to face-to-face interviewing, telephone interviewing and tests. Once the employees have been recruited, the manager needs to lead them. Leadership and management are to much an extent, the same concepts. Every leader is a manager but every manager may not necessarily be the leader. A leader is somebody who makes independent decisions and makes sure that the needs of followers are met which is basically management. Even the lowest employee in the organization structure is a manager as he/she is supposed to manage his/her work, but he/she might not have anybody under him to lead. However, managers usually are leaders as well. In the stage of leading, the manager makes decisions and provides the followers with the necessary resources to make it practicable for them to follow his/her decision. The manager also develops a hierarchical system wherein every employ ee is assigned a specific level. The last stage of management is of controlling. Controlling is a process of evaluation of the existing systems with an intention to identify the loopholes so that they can be eradicated and the efficiency of system can be improved as a whole. New plans are made and implemented for continual improvement of the system. Strategy is basically the efficiency of a manager and his/her capability to display optimal performance in each of the aforementioned functions of management. Strategic thinking can be defined as â€Å". . . using analogies and qualitative similarities to develop creative new ideas . . . (and) designing actions on the basis of new learning† (Stacey, 1992). Mintzberg (1994) defines strategic thinking as a specific way of thinking that has well defined and clear characteristics. The strategy aligns a manager’s efforts with the goals and enables him/her to work in such a way that maximizes the chances of success and minimizes the threats. If properly developed and employed, the strategy enables a manager to not only minimize the risks, but also convert those left into opportunities. While management has always been there, strategy has gained more emphasis in successful management in the contemporary age as the competition in market has increased and newer and innovative ways of business are surfacing. Over the decades, people have become more conscious about the health and safety of all living beings and the protection of the environment. Media has played a very important role in raising such concerns and creating such awareness. This has led managers to be more cautious in the selection of their plans to achieve their goals. Critics evaluate the actions of managers according to their negative

Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on the Performance of UK Dissertation

Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on the Performance of UK Financial Institutions - Dissertation Example The Miller-Modigliani Theory 15 2.4.3. Pecking Order Theory 16 2.4.4. The Agency Cost Theory 18 2.5. Potential Determinants of Capital Structure 19 2.6. Statement of the Problem 26 Chapter 3: Data and Methods 28 3.1. Research Methodology 28 3.2. Research Purpose and Research Approach 29 3.3. Qualitative Research 29 3.4. Quantitative Research 30 3.5. Primary Research 30 3.6. Secondary Research 31 Chapter 4: Analysis and Results 34 4.1. Overview 34 4.2. Selection of Dependent Variables and Independent Variables 35 4.3. Data Analysis Techniques 36 4.4. Fieldwork and Data Collection 37 4.5. Hypotheses Formulation and Variable Selection 38 4.6. Data Sources and Data Presentation 44 Chapter 5: Discussion and Interpretation of Findings 50 5.1. Data Analysis and Discussion 50 5.2. Regression Results 51 Table 5.2.1 - The Regression Analysis of RBS 53 Table 5.2.2 - The Regression Analysis of Standard Chartered Plc 54 Table 5.2.3 - The Regression Analysis of Lloyds Group Plc 55 Table 5.2.4 - Th e Regression Analysis of Barclays Plc 56 5.3. Robustness of Statistical Data 58 5.4. Interpretation of Findings 60 Chapter 6: Discussion and Conclusion 63 6.1. Summary 63 6.2. Theoretical Implications 65 6.3. Practical Implications 65 6.4. Limitations 67 6.5. Directions for Future Research 67 6.6. Reflections 68 References 71 Bibliography 77 Appendices 80 Table 1 – Regression Model of Royal Bank of Scotland 80 Table 2 – Regression Model of Standard Chartered Plc 84 Table 3 – Regression Model of Barclays Plc 89 Table 4 – Regression Model of HSBC 93 Table 5 – Regression Model of Lloyds 97 Chapter 1: Introduction The functions of financial management of a firm deal with the management of the sources from which funds are received and the effective utilization of such funds. Debt holders and equity holders are the suppliers of finance, and they supply finance for raising capital for assets of the company. So they have the right to participate in cash fl ows generated from the investment of the raised capital. The ratio of share of profits generated is determined by the debt equity ratio. As debt holders are the first to be paid, they become important to the firm if the firm wants to maximize the returns of the equity holders. As cost is also an important component of financing, so on a way to examine the net benefit from an investment, the cost incurred on such investment is also to be accounted. The objective of the study is to analyse the impact of capital structure on the performance of financial institution of United Kingdom. In order to achieve the objective, the study covers literature review and theoretical framework of the topic. Research design has been done with the intention of selecting appropriate methodology and data collection analysis. Moreover, the data will also help to get the findings of the research. After interpreting the research findings, the study finally ends with conclusion, practical implication of the r esearch and directions for future research. 1.1. Background of the Study The mix of financial liabilities of a firm is referred to as its leverage (i.e. a mix of financial instruments that tends to increase the potential of return of investment undertaking the risk associated with it). Although financial capital is uncertain, it is still considered to be the critical resource by all firms, and suppliers of finance make this investment so as to have control over the firm. In a firm debt holders and equity holders are the two types of investors who invest in equity and debt

The Nexus between agency theory and corporate governance Essay

The Nexus between agency theory and corporate governance - Essay Example This essay tries to explain the agency theory and corporate governance in the present day environment. Economists recently are more diverted to the phenomenon of organisation. The recently formulated organisation theory agency theory is different from the ones which existed in the past. Fama (1980) focused at the possible managerial labour market to restrain and guide individual decision-making expedience. In essence all these various statements are construed based on a few simple assumptions. These assumptions according to Donaldson (1990) are construed as a 'theory of interest, motivation and compliance'."Specifically, agency theory is directed at the ubiquitous relationship, in which one party (the principal) delegates work to another (the agent), who performs that work. Agency theory attempts to describe this relationship using the metaphor of a contract" (Eisenhardt, 1989: p58).The neoclassical school analyses the individual who tries to maximise or in the least to satisfy their utility between work and time off. This combination of assumed independence and selfish enthusiasm that is problematic within the relationship of agent and principal. In terms of corporate governance the shareholder is the principal. The problem arises due to the separation of ownership and control.According to Jill Solomon (2007) the failure to corporate governance and corporate crumple can take place in the firmest company. It is possible to seduce the Investors, creditors and employees through a company's repute and achievement. This can even throw caution to the wind. If the agents of economic accountability were intellectuals, as it is a must based on the economic and finance theory, this form of sightlessness could never occur. But the problem is that it does happen, investors behave rationally not always, and the factors of human behaviour and psychology are tricky to fit in a finance framework or an economic hypothesis. Cases of irrational behaviour in the UK during the 198 0s were that of Polly Peck and Coloroll. This was a case when the capitalist found very important information relating to contingent liabilities were missing from the accounts of these companies (Smith et all, 1992). Differences between managers and shareowners Agency theory brings up a basic problem in organizations and that is self-interested conduct. The managers of a corporation normally have their own goals which often cross roads with the proprietor's goal of maximising shareholder wealth. As it is the shareholders who give power to the managers to manage the firm's wealth, a prospective difference of opinion arises between the two groups. Agency Cost How does the agent that is the company directors serve the principal that is the shareholders is the question. The solution lies in accepting certain agency costs. These costs involve either in producing incentives or approve which adjust executive egoism with the concerns of shareholders. Or else they may be involved in supervising executive behaviour in order to restrain their self-interest. This led to the development of the number of non-executives on the company boards. Also it resulted in augmented arrangement of their function and considerations of freedom, leading to reforms all over the world. The separation of the part played by the chief executive and that played by the non-executive has been made a part of this reform. The establishment of audit, compensation, and recommendations committees is actually independent non-executives appointed to assure the proper use of the incentives and also to check the performance of the executives. These internal controls

Week 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week 4 - Research Paper Example They utilize hooks to hold their tunics together (Clark 34). It is a taboo for men designed trousers to bear rumples (or creases). All married men ought to grow beards. Their garments dimensions are also a subject to their unique Ordnung family they belong (Clark 17). They also wed their relatives. Those who attempt to wed outside their fellow Amish are subject to excommunication. The Amish also have elevated rates of infant deaths accruing from genetic disorders which are passed to generations though their population retains stability despite the vast infant deaths (Clark 24). The Amish approach almost every life aspect with a â€Å"plain simplicity attitude†. This â€Å"simplicity† is depicted in the manner they handle individual tasks each at a time. They always bid their time when executing a distinct task and hold on it until it’s complete prior to attempting a subsequent task. They also regard variant types of work (or jobs) with equal balance. As a result, their overall life is summed up by a tranquil and relaxed lifestyle. In Genesis 3:19, God reveals his wrath after Adam and Eve contravened to his word. Adam and Eve had consumed the fruit from the â€Å"tree of knowledge† which they had been a forewarned by God not to consume. God affirms in this verse that work is a prerequisite for mankind survival. God also affirms that work is an inextricable part of human nature. In addition, God points out that work will always be accompanied by extreme exhausting hard labour. The overall meaning of this verse would imply that mankind is incomplete void of work. In 1962, Dorothy Day birthed a movement which campaigned for equal treatment upon the Catholic workers. She also deployed The Catholic worker journal to expose chief essential aspects which the contemporaneous society at the time contravened with (Falk & Rita 89). The aforementioned journal points out Days’ philanthropic devotion to spark societal change which resulted in the

Business plan for Education and Cookery School Essay

Business plan for Education and Cookery School - Essay Example The project offers children with hands-on-firm experience as they learn. It will allow children to learn about food sources, the process of making food, and farming conservation concepts. The education center will also be equipped with a kitchen where students will learn how to cook as part of field-to-fork cycle. The education center will offer evening cookery classes that emphasize on field-to-fork cycle. These classes will run between 6:30 PM and 9:00 PM three days in the week. Weekend classes will also be offered at special times of the where when certain harvests are made. The strategy of the project is to work with local schools, Countryside Learning, FACE and growing schools in order to provide a fully integrated learning environment. The target is to reach 200 schools within Gloucestershire County and later expand to other schools in North Wiltshire and beyond. Farm diversification has become an important element in the farming industry in the UK. Great Britain suggests that half of the farms in the UK utilize some form of diversification. These diversification businesses bring about  £10,400 extra income for the farm. Diversification also increases the utilization of physical resources within the farm. Furthermore, it enhances better utilization of farming skills. Diversification also integrates the farm into the rural economy. Farm diversification alternatives may be agricultural or non-agricultural. This business plan suggests a planned non-agricultural approach to business diversification. The name of the business is Education and Cookery School (ECS). The business is located on the lower Harnhill farm which is owned by the Royal Agricultural University. It will be an educational center that will offer education to local schools within Gloucestershire County towns including Harnhill, Cirencester, Cheltenham, Marlborough, Royal Wotton Bassett and Swindon. The educational center will offer evening classes and special classes during the weekend on sp ecial harvest periods. Located on the outskirts of Cirencester in Gloucestershire, Harnhill is a prominently mixed farm with of about 600 acres.

Redbull Marketing Communications Essay Example for Free

Redbull Marketing Communications Essay Redbull Marketing Communications Digital Campaigns Clarisonic launched a campaign in October 2010, Breast Cancer Awareness Month, in which the company promised to donate 1$ for every new like they received on their facebook fan page. Clarisonic used Facebook advertising, email blasts, twitter, youtube and even their own blog â€Å"Sonic Chatter† to spread the word about their new ‘like’ campaign. Clarisonic objectives included adding a thriving social media section to Clarisonic’s traditional cause marketing for nonprofit. Furthermore, Clarisonic wanted to increase awareness of their brand and products, as well as increase awareness of their Facebook page. Another objective, which was the most direct objective, was to raise money for â€Å"Look Good†¦Feel Better. † Attaching their name to this cause also allowed them to increase sales for their specialized products like Pink Clarisonic, which also benefits the â€Å"Look Good†¦Feel Better† charity. Clarisonic also aimed at marketing beyond their typical target audience of women in their late 20s-50s. Some limitations that were faced was that it was only a two month project and although it attracted a lot of views, interactions, and new Facebook fans, they would have to constantly engage the new fans that were outside their target market, who may not be interested in their actual products being sold. Partnering with â€Å"Look Good†¦Feel Better† was a perfect fit for this campaign because both companies focused on transmitting a message of empowerment. Redbull: On October 14, 2012 the world witnessed a breathtaking experiment; Red Bull Stratos. It took viewers to the edge of space and it was all organized by a private organization, Red Bull. The Red Bull Stratos mission was a record breaking event, one which saw Felix Baumgartner free fall from more than 23 miles above the earth, breaking a free falling world record while becoming the biggest digital live event on record. It reignited a yearning for the extreme, and created a distinct association with what was Extreme and Redbull. The objectives of Redbull marketers was to reach a lot of people, to excite them, give them something to talk about and look forward to and then to directly relate this â€Å"coolness† to drinking their product. They wanted to break world records, not only in the actual freefalling aspect but the hype around the event. This hype could then be translated hopefully in an increase of brand awareness and in turn, an in crease in sales for Redbull. Clarisonic: Clarisonic targeted current consumers of their product by advertising about the campaign on their blog, which users of their product read, as well as non users by making the campaign goal not just relevant for women or those that are in their 20s, 30s. The campaign therefore targeted a much broader audience, those that frequent charity events and support a good cause, not simply women in the beauty care sector. By making their campaign about much more than a physical beauty care product but something that benefits the greater cause, they were able to target men and women of all ages who support cancer organizations and link this support of a good cause with their brand. Redbull: The audience that was targeted in the Redbull campaign was extreme sport enthusiasts as well as the entire world that would also be excited to watch a world record breaking event. The target audience was broad and expanded past extreme sport enthusiasts which most of Redbulls marketing targets. Clarisonic: Clarisonic campaign was extremely ethical as it raises awareness of a certain cancer fund, donates money to the fund, and through these actions is able to also increase awareness of their brand and better their image. Had most of this money not gone to a cancer organization, and just gone to supporting the brand, perhaps it would be less ethical. Redbull: One could argue that the risk involved in this campaign was too much to be considered an ethical campaign for Redbull. Yes, it attracted a lot of new consumers and created record-breaking brand awareness but it was at the risk of being at the cost of a human life, which is unethical. Clarisonic: They were extremely successful in one of their main objectives, which was to raise money for the Look Good†¦Feel Better cancer organization seeing as they raised $1 million dollars and increased awareness of this great organization. â€Å"Likes† as well as interaction on their Facebook page continued to grow even after the two month campaign and n 2010 alone, their selling of their â€Å"Hope† Mia skincare brush more than doubled compared the previous year. Clearly no one can know for sure if it was directly because of the â€Å"like† campaign but it is safe to say that the increased awareness did contribute to an increase in sales of Clarisonic products. The like campaigne increased Clarisonics fan page by 80 percent. Redbull: Without a doubt Redbull achieved its objectives of showi ng the world something that has never done before and reemphasizing their brand motto â€Å" Redbull gives you wings. This event had a huge brand impact on Redbull. Not only did this campaign beat records and was unprecedented scientifically, it was also beating records in a brand marketing perspective. 1,000,000 distinct user accounts were involved in the conversation regarding RedBull Stratos with a suggested audience of this content being up to 90,000,000. 2,000,000 new accounts were subscribed for Red Bull updates within a span of 15 days surrounding the event, these updates included all brand presences in the digital world. These represent engaged consumers that could possibly one day turn into paying consumers of RedBull. Most campaigns, much like Clarisonic are dominated mostly by likes or â€Å"neutral commentary† yet Red Bull Stratos had unmatched positivity and meaningful interaction from people around the world; more specifically 820,000 pieces of extremely positive content was created in regards to Redbull Stratos. 50,000 distinct links were shared about Red Bull Stratos. More than 8 million concurrent live streams of the Redbull Stratus jump on YouTube was had which was the largest in Youtube’s history. This kind of huge reach transcends RedBull Stratos and reaches Red Bull branding in almost ever single comment or interaction, which till this campaign and to this extent was unheard of. According to Vocus, sales of Redbull increased by 55% in the first few months following the campaign so already here we can see that not only did this boost brand awareness and image, it had a direct impact on offline consumer behavior. Clarisonic was always tied to cancer awareness funds in the past, their product line, Pink Clarisonic previously donated some proceeds to the Feel good, look better fund so this new â€Å"like† campaign wasn’t a trigger of some outside market force, it was more an expansion of what was already underway internally in their brand image and concept of empowerment. Furthermore Breast Cancer awareness month was also somewhat of a trigger to tie their brand with this month awareness. Clarisonic competitors are low priced beauty products such as Olay Pro X which did not stray from their traditional marketing ways despite the success of Clarisonics like campaign. Personally, I would make this marketing communication campaign longer than two months, allowing the attention that Clarisonic was receiving to be exploited further. I would also allow fans that mentioned Clarisonic on twitter to receive small samples of new products Clarisonic has, thereby engaging target consumers with the actual product at hand. Timing of this campaign was definetly in Clarisonics Favor. Breast cancer awareness month is a time where many want to donate themselves to the cause and this like campaign allowed them to do so effortlessly and without their own money, simply their participation in a brand they may not have been aware of. Connecting themselves with Breast Cancer Awareness month also lends greatly to a better image for Clarisonic. Twitter did not participate greatly in this campaign other than to advertise for the campaign on facebook. Salespeople were not utilized in this champagne either which also could have further helped promote their products as well as their like digital campaign. Redbull: Redbull was always tagged with an idea of extreme sports, they sponsored athletes, had their own extreme sport web episodes, and could be found at most sporting events. Therefore, the fact that this was the company that decided to do something so extreme and create so much digital hype around this event was definetly no surprise considering past records of RedBull. It was not triggered by stunts pulled by their competitors. The Redbull Stratos was able to reach millions more than their usual marketing antics. I would not recommend a thing to the Redbull Stratos campaign, I think everything they did digitally to boost this campaign was genius. The message was simple; Redbull gives you wings and with a record-breaking free fall, they proved this. Millions will always associate the feeling of â€Å"cool† and â€Å"extreme† with drinking RedBull, and that in my opinion, can only be done by indirect selling of their drinks. No commercial or online campaign could create such brand association by simply telling consumers how cool their drink is.

Origins Of The British East India Company History Essay

Origins Of The British East India Company History Essay The British East India Company was most likely a successful period in the British domains history. It was responsible for the invasion of the Indian subcontinent, which turned out to be the empires leading supplier of profits, beside Malaya. The Company was responsible for the overthrow of Hong Kong and other immediate Asian countries; it was liable for creating Britains Asian empire. It began as a joint-stock company of traders and investors which was granted a Royal charter by Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with the East. The original name of the corporation when it was first formed was Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (Landow). They joined together to generate money importing spices from South Asia. James Lancaster was in charge of the 1st company voyage in 1601 that sailed around the coast of South Africa and across the Indian Ocean, arriving back in London in 1603 with ships filled with pepper. In the 1600s, pepper was the most significant part of the British East India Companys commerce. The group established its first Asian factory in Bantam and it was here that the English were able to expand into other parts of Asia (The [British East India] Company Story). Market at Bantam was multicultural because of other merchants from Arab, Turkey, Iran, and China trading products from their own nations. The Company had woolen cloth and silver, but Asian traders favored Indian textiles which were good quality; therefore, it had to uncover ways to attain fabrics from India. In 1611, after failed attempt to enter into agreement with Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, the British East India Company enquired King James 1 to send a representative. The ambassador was to negotiate with the Mughal Emperor to allow the company to establish a factory in his region. The Mughal territory included northern and central India and it was rich in merchandises that would profit the Company. Final agreements were reached in 1615 that allowed the corporation to start a base. It sent Indian textiles to the market at Bantam [from Surat] (The [British East India] Company Story). This led the group to become the major trading business over the French, Dutch, and Portuguese trading companies in the Indian subcontinent. India had great proficient dyers and weavers that created cloth that went in demand throughout Asia and England. The Company by 1690 had trading centers (known as factories) all along the West and East of India (The [British East India] Company Story). For instance, major bases were located at Calcutta and Bombay. London was also an essential trading base where goods were imported, exported and transferred from one country to another. The British East India Company was allowed by the Chinese to trade at Canton in 1699. The Company purchased products like tea and silk from China, in return of silver. England began to worry that too much silver was being used to pay for the tea; as a result, the British East India Company started to grow Opium in India to pay to the Chinese. By 1750, Indian silks, cottons and calicoes formed 60 percent of the Company (The [British East India] Company Story). Throughout this time, the Mughal Empire was subsiding. Provincial states began to emerge and they were controlled by local leaders who in conflict with each other. British East India Company became active in power and politics; it started to expand territories. Thus, using the divide and rule tactic. The Companys challenges with foreign rivals led it to build military and administrative departments, thereby becoming an imperial power in its own right (Landow). When Nawab of Bengal took the settlement at Calcutta in 1757, the British East India Company recaptured the colony at the Battle of Plassey and it took charge of the whole Bengal. According to the British Library, the Company assumed the Diwan of Bengal. A business which was established for the purpose of trade, was now responsible for the civil, judicial, and revenue administration of Indias richest province, with some 20 million inhabitants (The [British East India] Company Story). As the British East India Company became wealthy from land taxes and profits of trade, more Indians experienced famines and died. Many individuals were dispossessed of their land, andlocal industries [crippled] (The [British East India] Company Story). This resulted in reduced labor and decrease in profits. The managers of the company tried to prevent liquidation by begging Parliament for financial help. Since the French and Indian War was expensive for the British, King George 111 wanted to tax and regain control over the American colonies. The King together with his government made up a strategy to give the struggling East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea to America (The Boston Tea Party, 1773). This led to the passing of the Tea Act of 1773. It gave the Company sovereignty in controlling trade in America. The American colonists after hearing of the tax, they argued that even though the price had gone down, the king had no right to levy without cause. Reduced tea price decrease the profits of the local merchants. It triggered the Boston Tea Party of 1773. The British administration became concerned about the companys capability to regulate its regions. According to the British Library, in 1783, the government decided to make Calcutta the center [rule] under a new Governor-General. Warren Hastings was the first to be appointed to the position. Authority was now falling into the hands of the British government. The British East India Companys trade was limited to China by 1813. However, it was abolished in 1833. The company struggled to survive until there was a rebellion in Bengal by the Indian troops which worked for the company in 1857. The Indian troops were also known as the Sepoys. It finally went out of existence in 1873 (Landow). In the course of its reign, the British East India Company created trade across the Middle East and Asia. It regulated its own regions and played a role in influencing the American Revolution. The companys products were the source of the Boston Tea Party in colonial America.

Food Production: Using Lean Manufacturing Principles

Food Production: Using Lean Manufacturing Principles The main objective of the factories was to achieve high economic growth. The improvement in productivity has become need of food industry to take the competitive advantage of global market. The big problem or challenge to food industry is identifying the wastes and meet the market price by maintaining a good profit. The only solution is to reduce total production cost. Lean manufacturing is systematic approach to identify and eliminate the waste through continues improvements. This paper discusses how the production principles of lean manufacturing can be applied in food production to increased production efficiency and improvement productivity and quality. This paper first presents the lean concept and presents the implementation of lean manufacturing system on some organization. Three main factors that food production factories fear, poor and tacky quality, increase of production cost, increase in lead time. Production improvements should be based on the improvements of processes as well as operation. Problems can appear in any of the basic elements that constitute the production area. (Materials, workers, machines and tools, energy, methods, product). So I focus on lean manufacturing the program can help to improve in this area. Problem Statement Why and how companies should implement lean manufacturing in food production ? 1.3 Importance of the study The main aim of the study is to present the main idea of the Lean manufacturing system, and the benefit of applying it in the field of food production, and identifying the kinds of wastes in production process, and the effect of the Lean manufacturing on food production and presenting some examples of successful companies that implemented the Lean manufacturing. 1.4 Research Questions When organizations implement lean manufacturing, it is more likely to make positive on food production? 1.5 Research Approach The data collected in this research was stemmed from previous published articles. And present a successful example from companies will be achieved good results after implement lean manufacturing program. The main target of this paper is to be applied as guideline to food production companies in Egypt. II. Literature Review: 2.1 History of Lean Manufacturing. Many of the concepts in LM or lean production originate from the Toyota Production System (TPS) and have been implemented progressively throughout Toyotas operations starting in the 1950s. In 1980s Toyota had increasingly become famous for the efficiency with which it had implemented Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing systems. Now, Toyota is often considered one of the most efficacious and influential manufacturing companies in the world and the company that put the standard for best practices in LM. LM has increasingly been applied by leading manufacturing companies throughout the world, lead by the major automobile manufactures and their equipment suppliers. Lean Manufacturing is becoming an increasingly significant topic for manufacturing companies in developed countries as they try to find procedure to compete more effectively versus competition from Asia. 2.2 Lean Manufacturing. Lean Manufacturing is a set of tools and methodologies that aims for the continuous elimination of all waste in the production process. The main benefits of this are lower production costs; increased output and minimum production lead times. Some of the goals include: Utilization of equipment and area Use equipment and manufacturing area more efficiently by eradicating bottlenecks and maximizing the rate of production though existing equipment, while reducing machine downtime. Defects and wastes Reduce defects and unnecessary physical wastage, including surplus use of raw material inputs, preventable defects, and costs associated with reprocessing defective items and dispensable product characteristics which are not required by customers. Flexibility Have the ability to produce a more elastic range of products with minimum changeover costs and changeover time. Labor productivity Improve labor productivity, both by reducing the inactive time of workers and ensuring that when workers are working, they are using their effort as productively as possible Output Insofar as reduced cycle times, increased labor productivity and removal of bottlenecks and machine downtime can be completed, companies can generally significantly increase output from their existing facilities. Inventory levels Minimize inventory levels at all steps of production, particularly works-in-progress between production steps. Lower inventories also mean lower working capital requirements. Cycle Times Reduce manufacturing lead times and production cycle times by reducing waiting times between processing stages, as well as process preparation times and product. Most of these benefits lead to lower unit production costs for example, more effective use of equipment and space leads to lower depreciation costs per unit produced, more effective use of labor results in lower labor costs per unit produced and lower defects lead to lower cost of goods sold. 2.3 The Five Lean Principles The critical beginning point when changing a traditional production line into a Lean process is the determination of value from the customers points of view, which is significant as the goal of the Lean process is a line where every activity adds a specified customer value to the product. Having identified the value of products, the second step is to identify and map the value stream in the production line. Value stream mapping refers to the mapping of a products route and is explained in more detail further. The third principle is the connection of value creating activities in a continuous flow process. Every dilemma or batch and queue process must be avoided to obtain an uninterrupted flow throughout the production. The ideal production Flow is drawn on a map, and existing procedures changed and equipment relocated to reflect this. The fourth principle is not to produce anything upstream unless it is needed downstream. The principle is in contrast to batch and queue procedures, as seen in mass production, and aims to reduce the amount of resources locked up in inventories. It implies that production must be just-in-time, both internally between processes and externally when delivering products to the End-user. The fifth principle is about pursuing perfection through a continuous improvement. This is not only about creating a product that the customer requires with a minimum of defects, but also includes the perfection of every action in connection with the production process. It involves all employees as they know procedures the most and are closest to make suggestions for improvement. The involvement of everyone in the continuous improvement is what makes Lean a philosophy improving working processes is integrated in job routines. (Womack Jones 2003; Bicheno 2004). 2.5 The kind of waste in food production: Overproduction Producing elements for which there are no client requirements. The Lean principle is to use a pull system, or producing goods just as clients order them. Service organizations operate this way by their very nature. Industrialization organizations, furthermore, have historically operated by a Push System, building products to stock, without firm customer orders. Anything produced beyond the customer demand (safety stocks, work-in-process inventories, etc.) ties up valuable labor and material resources and hence is a waste. Waiting Time during production (service) when no value is added to product (service). This includes waiting for material, information, equipment, tools, stock-outs, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, capacity bottlenecks, etc. The Lean principle is to use a just-in-time (JIT) system- not too soon, not too late. Transportation Unnecessary moving and handling of parts. This includes transporting work-in-process long distances, trucking to and from an off-site storage facility. Lean demands that the material be shipped directly from the vendor to the location in the assembly line where it will be used. Material should be delivered to its point of use. Over-Processing Unnecessary processing or procedures than necessary to meet customer demand. Common examples multiple inspecting. Statistical process control techniques can be used to eliminate or minimize the amount of inspection required. Value Stream Mapping is another lean tool that can be used for this purpose also. This tool is frequently used to help identify non-valued-added steps in the process (for both manufacturers and service organizations). Excess Inventory Excess raw material, or finished goods. Inventory beyond that needed to meet customer demands negatively impacts cash flow and uses valuable floor space. Defects Scrap, rework, replacement production, and inspection. Production defects and service errors waste resources in four ways. First, materials are consumed. Second, the labor used to produce the part (or provide the service) the first time cannot be recovered. Third, labor is required to rework the product (or redo the service). Fourth, labor is required to address any forthcoming customer complaints. Total Quality Management (TQM) is one of the lean tools that can be used to for reducing defects. Excess Motion Unnecessary motion of people or equipment that adds to value to product (service). This is caused by poor workflow, poor layout, housekeeping, and inconsistent or undocumented work methods. Value Stream Mapping is also used to identify this type of waste. Tools like 5S, comfortable workspace design can be used to eliminate this waste. Underutilized People Underutilization of mental, creative, and physical skills and abilities of employees of the organization. Some of the more common causes for this waste include organizational culture, inadequate hiring practices, poor or non-existent training, and high employee turnover. 2.6 The Policy to reduce the waste Policy to reduce waste consists of several systems 1- Reduced Set up Time It reduced the time required to adjust the machines to produce a different product. A long time in the control of the machine means the need to produce large quantities of the same product and thus prevents us from reducing the size of the order, which in turn prevents us from inventory reduction and prevents us from the production process of withdrawing. Permission must be reduced machine set time dramatically. 2- Small Lot size Which is the size of the order per batch per production? If the size of each run command (order) significant meaning that we will store a lot of semi-finished materials, which do not want to do because we want to reduce inventory in general 3- Reduced Work in Process An inventory of the materials or parts that have passed the initial stage of production and did not pass to the latter. Reduce inventory this is essential in the philosophy of the policy of reducing losses because of its impact on the coverage of production problems and because it is a money investor. 4- Policy pull Production it means that production on the basis of need for the next stage of production and not on the basis of a specific production plan. The first production engineering stage not only produces and need permission from the production stage next and so on until the end of the production line. There is stacked production between stages. This is also known as Kanban card or card. 5- Quality Control Circles It is a work teams of operators and technicians are studying and solving quality problems and operation and maintenance. These rings are necessary to study the problems and uprooted from their roots and to involve all levels of work in solving problems. Quality control loops is a continuous development of methods Continuous Improvement, which is one of the basics of the Toyota system. 6- Total Productive Maintenance They maintenance system leads to increased availability of equipment and reduce breakdowns. This system is necessary to be able to reduce inventory of semi-finished materials and the implementation of the policy to withdraw production. Must be reduced dramatically sudden failure to implement these policies. 7- Group Technology It is a method designed to manufacture similar products in one place to reduce the transport time and wait in what is known as the cell manufacturing Cells. This method helps to reduce transfer times material from one place to another and make each group of operators responsible for different stages of the production for the same product that they have a kind of full responsibility for the product. 8- Multi Task Employees Meaning that the worker trained to do several tasks instead of one task. This method gives the flexibility to change the functions of working when needed. Note that this system is designed to reach the speed of response to customer requirements and thus there must be flexibility in employment as well so that you can change the functions of Group according to the requirements of the market. This method has a lot to do with technology group, where can one player that is running several machines. 9- Production leveling: Toyota system is designed to reduce the variables and produce small amounts of each product every day, so there is no need to produce large quantities of a product in one day. Reduce the change helps us not to maintain a large stock and makes the production process is running smoothly and regularity without significant changes. 10- Just In Time Purchasing it means of access to raw materials and production supplies when you need them quickly. This procurement policy is needed to reduce inventory and production development and reduce defects in products. To reach that there is a lot of things are applied, such as reducing the number of suppliers and to cooperate with them and compel them specific things in the style of their work. 11- Maintain a work environment 5S: It means arrange and organize and clean workplace and work tools so that you have access to the tools and information is accessible, fast and the site is a good place to work and safe at the same time. This method is called 5S relative to the Japanese words that mean organize and arrange and clean workplace. 12- Total Quality Control: There is a correlation between policies to reduce waste and total quality management both supports the other. To reach to pull production policy has to be to reach high levels of quality. Therefore, Toyota and Japanese companies have applied TQM or total quality control of the most important has been applied is the technical checks parts produced by himself in the sense that the product is scanned during each stage production by the operators themselves. It is the powers of the workers off the production line in the event of a quality problem. 2.6.1 The Benefits of reducing the waste Improved performance indicators such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce losses to a great extent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ high product quality (in terms of compliance with specifications) any low percentage of defective products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduced time progress (which is the time to meet manufacturing orders) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ high inventory turnover rate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ very high flexibility to change production from one product to another à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ lower the sudden failure of equipment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ low additional cost Overhead cost à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase production capacity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ high accuracy to meet the supply orders on time for supply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the speed of response to changing market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ improvement of financial indicators in the long term, including the profitability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improved morale of workers 2.7Quality in Lean Manufacturing 2.7.1. Reducing the Defect-Detection Time Gap The most important improvement that is made by a move from final inspections to successive checks to self checks is in the reduction of the time gap between creation of a defect and its detection. Figure 1 show how this time gap shrinks as one progresses towards self inspection Grinder Drill Lathe Mill Figure 1: the time lag includes all operations that happen In Figure 1, the time lag includes all operations that happen to the part after the defect Has been made and before the defect will be detected (more defective parts can be made During this time if the defect is due to a broken machine tool, improper machining method, Or other problems that do not create simply one isolated defect). Lathe Mill Figure 2: the time gap shrinks In Figure 2 the time gap shrinks to the length of time before the operator of the next Machine handles the part. In a job shop, this may be a significant quantity of time and if Parts are produced in batches; often the entire batch may have the same defect. However, In cellular manufacturing this time lag is small, since the queue is only one unit. Lathe Mill Figure 3: the time lag has shrunk down In Figure 3 the time lag has shrunk down to the amount of time that the operator spends On the given operation before he or she checks the part. Self-inspection produces visibility of the problem after the first defective part is made (if it is detectable). Catching defective parts prevents adding more value to parts that will be scrapped or reworked later. Clearly this reduction in time lag can lead to: quicker and easier detection of what the problem is that is causing the defect, reduction in wasted time in the form of value added to scrapped parts, and wasted time spent assembling a part that will have to be disassembled and then reassembled. Overall, quicker elimination of defect causing problems will result in a reduction of the number and cost of bad quality parts. 2.8 Productivity in lean manufacturing 2.8.1 Introduction The lean manufacturing focus on 20 keys I will present only key number 6 method improvement (Productivity) Figure 4 Relationship Diagram20 Keys 2.8.2 Definition Productivity is about how well resources are used. The other area of general consensus is that productivity is about the relation between output and input in any process producing goods or services. Productivity can be calculated as output divided by input P = O/I Where P = Productivity , O = Output and I = Input Output can be measured in different way tones, Kilograms or even output defined as standard minutes or hours 2.8.3 The components of productivity Productivity basically has two components: Efficiency Utilizations Utilization is about whether the resources available are actually used in producing the product or service. That is a machine might be available but if no product is scheduled to be produced then it is not utilized , or if product is scheduled to be produced for only 85% of the available time then utilization is 85% Efficiency . On the other hand, is about how well the resources are used while it is being utilized. The formula for productivity is then: Productivity = Efficiency X Utilization This formula can be expanded: Productivity = Output / Available hours, that is how much did we produce during the time that the resources were available Efficiency = Output / Hours worked, that is how much did we produce during the time that the resources were actually operating. Utilization = Hours worked / Hours available, that is for what percentage of time did we actually utilize the resources. 2.8.4 People. Plant- and process related issues impacting on productivity It is important to understand what issues typically impact on productivity as you can then look for the causes to why productivity is not at the level it should be. If productivity is not at the target level it can be explained in terms of the two components of efficiency and utilization that it can be either an efficiency loss or none utilizes time. This can be because of people, plant or process related issues. The following summary show typical examples of issues impaction on productivity. Efficiency loss: People Work method Work rate Effort ( motivation issues ) Skills Quality of work Plant / Process Speed ,idling ,minor stoppages Quality of product Non Utilized time People Plant / process Market demand Work rate Downtime Changeovers Table 2 issues impaction on productivity 2.8.5 Productivity Improvement an Integrated Approach Productivity improvement cannot be achieved by only implementing Kaizen operation. Figure 5 Productivity Improvement: An Integrated Approach Productivity increase and excellent quality can be achieved at the same time. 2.8.6 Implementing key 6 Implementing kaizen of operation requires the effective use of the CAPDo cycle. The CAPDo cycle is a simple management system for continuous improvement. One a plane for implementation has been drawn up, the actual training needs must be scheduled it is important to check regularly whether training targets have been met, and if not, the reason for this must be analyzed. Problem identified can then become actions for the next CAPDo cycle. Figure 6 CAPDo Cycle Check Company and every department against the map. Benchmark the company using key 6 map Check current productivity performance Analyze Identify process for improvement. The benchmark score. Productivity performance to identify priority processes to focus on. Plan Use the five steps methodology for process improvement. Put goals for all process Use the five steps methodology for process improvement. Plan the improvement using 20 keys plan. Do Implementing the plan Regular feedback from goals on progress Implement the plan for achieving the target. Check Restart the cycle through Reviewing the results of the plan on monthly basis Reviewing key progress with the map at least every six months Update skills matrix Continue Cycle of CAPDo improvement and celebrate success. 2.9 Actual Cases 2.9.1 Meal production in Glostrup Hospitals main kitchen, Denmark. The main hypothesis of this paper is that where any implement LM it is more likely to make positive on food production so I present lean principles can applied in meal production to increase the efficiency without reducing the quality of meal prepared. All lean principles and tools may not be equally applicable in food production, but it is important to consider this aspect when discussing the implementation of lean in meal production. Glostrup Hospital is situated in the greater Copenhagen area in Denmark. The central Kitchen is situated inside the Hospital grounds in a separate building, and every day, meals for approximately 1000 patients are produced and distributed from the kitchen. In 2005, the hospitals management took the decision that all services should be Lean, and to cut the costs of meal production, the kitchen was forced to replace cook-serve with cook-chill production and reduce the number of foodservice employees from 71 to 54. This brought about a need to review and optimize the production procedures to maintain both output quantity and quality. The change of production system to cook-chill also had an impact on the end-product quality as recipes and production procedures needed adjustments. Therefore, the systematic evaluation and improvement of product quality was given a high priority in the kitchen. The internal working environment in the kitchen was important to the manager as she insisted on maintaining this as a high priority during and after the rationalization process, and that increased efficiency of production processes was obtained by the optimization of procedures and not by making the staff work faster. Because of these reservations, the implementation of Lean was expected to result in both increased efficiency of processes and improved product quality while ensuring a pleasant working environment for the remaining employees. The implementation of Lean in the kitchen began shortly after the change to cook-chill processing and befo re procedures became routine. The kitchen produces most components of the meals themselves including breads, soups and processed vegetables. Previously with cook-serve production, there were separate production lines for hot meal components, vegetables, baked products, desserts and cold products for these meals, all items were prepared, processed and kept warm until service. Initially, when changing to cook-chill production, the separation of production according to meal was maintained with processed meal components being assembled into meals, packed and stored for up to 3 days before final distribution to hospital wards. The packaging was standardised in two, five or seven portions per pack, and the wards received the portion sizes equal to or the closest number above their actual orders. This practice of standardizing packaging was accepted by the management as a pragmatic practice of cook-chill production. The implementation of cook-chill production procedures called for a system atic evaluation of product quality. A graph on display in the production facility showing the daily number of comments on food quality was chosen as an expression of customer satisfaction with product quality. The number of complaints for each meal component, based on feedback received from wards and patients, was totaled and each day marked on the chart. This procedure was chosen as a way to ensure communication of customer product satisfaction to all employees. An internal quality control system was developed to reflect the need for adjusting recipes to improve meal quality after the change from cook serve to cook-chill production. It consisted of a three-color gradation of product acceptability where red refers to not acceptable; yellow, acceptable; and green, good. The testing of product quality was performed internally in the kitchen, and the products had to obtain a yellow to pass. This system was developed to visualize the progress of adjusting existing procedures to cook-chi ll production. As a result of the implementation the hospital realized some quick financial wins. Revenue increased 19%, eliminate wastes meals from 10% to 5% (England al.2009). 2.9.2 Implementing 20 keys in modern bakeries company (Rich Bake), Egypt. In 2008 modern bakeries company management took the decision that some production process should be lean. The company decided implement 10 keys from 20 keys Key1 cleaning organizing to make work easy. Key 2 Rationalizing the system / goal Alignment. Key 3 Small Group Activities. Key 5 Quick Changeover Technology. Key 6 Kaizen of operation. Key 9 Maintaining Machines Equipment. Key 10 Workplace Discipline. Key 11 Quality Assurance. Key 15 Skill Versatility and cross Training. Key 19 Conserving Energy and Materials. Table 3 present the 20key, s evaluation before and after implementing lean on modern bakeries company through 2 years. Key Base Line Level 2008 2010 1 1.8 2 2 1.5 2 3 0.8 1.2 5 1.5 1.8 6 1.5 1.8 9 1 1.3 10 1.5 2.3 11 2 2.5 15 1.5 1.7 19 1.5 1.5 Table 3: 20 keys evaluation Eliminate wastes from 3% to 1.8%. Increase productivity from 16KG Man / Hour to 18.5 Kg Man /Hour. 2.12 The enormous obstacles for food production in terms of adopting LM approaches to improvement. There is some problems face the food production companies to implementing lean manufacturing, generally as follows. Lack of a clear vision of the future Lack of patience and follow. Lack of persistent and challenge in leadership. Failure to link the processes in key 6 kaizen operation with normal work. Failure to perceive that lean is a viable strategy to help achieve competitive advantage. Lack of constant visibility by management. Failure of management to take a whole systems view of business and to see the connections between all processes. Persistent focus only on demanding results without a balance focus improving the processes that achieve the results. III- Research Methodology 3.1 Research Objectives The main aim of the study is to present the main idea of the Lean manufacturing system, and the benefit of applying it in the field of food production, and identifying the kinds of wastes in production process, and the effect of the Lean manufacturing on food production and presenting some examples of successful companies that implemented the Lean manufacturing. 3.2 Conceptual Framework Figure 7: LM Conceptual Framework 3.3 Research Question and Hypotheses 3.3.1 Research Questions Why and how companies should implement lean manufacturing in food production? 3.3.2 Research Hypotheses When organizations implement lean manufacturing, it is more likely to make positive on food production? 3.3.3 Independent Cost reduction, waste rate, revenue gains 3.3.4 Dependent Return on investment, profit in organization. IV Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion Through the study found that there is a potential for the application of lean manufacturing system in food production and that explained by viewing experience hospital central kitchen in Denmark and experience modern bakeries company in Egypt, where the application of lean manufacturing system to gain increased efficiency ,quality, and productivity through the application of tools for lean manufacturing . . Easy to implementing lean manufacturing in big company that have systems for examples ISO9001, 2200, HACCP Easy to implementing lean manufacturing in small company but focus only 3 or 4 principles in the first stage . 4.2 Recommen

The Politics of Advertising Essay -- Media Argumentative Persuasive Ar

The Politics of Advertising America has become the epitome of the free enterprise ideal. Mass production, mass media, mass promotion. Efficiency and economic choices have become so central to American culture that the very fabric of who we are is determined by it. This difference in culture from the rest of the world is readily visible in the way in which American corporations do business: with a focus on efficiency and quantity as opposed to refinement and quality. Advertising, the mass promotion of mass produced products, has become the primary mode of communication and education in today's world. The result of a continued drive, at every level, for more material wealth, mass promotion has evolved into an art that invades every sector of American life and affects the way in which television and print media, as well as film and politics are run. These structures help to shape the way in which we all live our lives, and to shape the way in which American culture has and will evolve. Advertising-the art of "selling it"-pervades America's various industries, and helps to shape the way in which basic institutions many assume to be unbiased operate. Many assume that the influence of advertising is obvious in television, and it is perhaps this assumption that makes the in fact very subtle but complete influence of advertising on television media so dramatic. Television commercials are indeed rather obvious on the surface, but their influence runs much deeper than the 30 second slot allotted them in between scheduled programs. In fact, one news manager for a television station said that regular television programs are just there to fill the blank space between the commercials. For example, ... ...n of self. The end result of a mass promotional society is one in which the political process, family life, and individual development are tied together under the influence of mass media. Basic social institutions such as news and communications (i.e. television and print media), entertainment, and politics are influenced and in fact driven by the promotion of products and services. The end result of a mass promotional society is one which lacks identity because it is always searching and comparing itself to the surface images and values presented by advertisements; one which is wasteful and weak, lacking moral strength and contentment; and one which is a culture of death, not knowing itself or others and therefore being unable to participate in the shaping of the future, but merely choosing from options presented before its non-creative members.

Australian Poet Kenneth Slessors Use of Imagery Essay -- Night Ride O

Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Slessor's complex poems use many types of imagery, his imagery is one of his artistic techniques which defines him from other poets in Australia. One could say that his powerful words paint a picture for the reader but as they say, seeing is believing. Slessor uses many types of imagery however death, time and water are the main ones. He uses these in his poems Night Ride, Out of Time, Five Bells and Beach Burial. Slessor in Night Ride talks about the journey of life, he talks of death as being slow, depressive and lonely. He says, "Soon I shall look out into nothing but blackness". This dark portrait of death is dark, fearful yet beautiful. In Out of Time, slessor again about death. He say's, "The gulls go down, the body dies and rots". This literal image of death which one can not talk of it as being beautiful, quite the opposite actually. In Beach Burial however he paints a soldiers death. Slessor says, "Enlisted on the other front". The reader envisions this as if their soldiers were doomed before the battle, the 'other front' which he talks of is of course the afterlife. Later in the poem he says, "The convoys of dead soldiers come". His use of the word convoy gives the audience a military type picture, but mental image is copious amounts of soldiers coming to their deaths. His imagery of time too is very important in his poems. In Night Ride, he talks about time as being slow but fast at times. A train which the ... Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Essay -- Night Ride O Australian Poet Kenneth Slessor's Use of Imagery Slessor's complex poems use many types of imagery, his imagery is one of his artistic techniques which defines him from other poets in Australia. One could say that his powerful words paint a picture for the reader but as they say, seeing is believing. Slessor uses many types of imagery however death, time and water are the main ones. He uses these in his poems Night Ride, Out of Time, Five Bells and Beach Burial. Slessor in Night Ride talks about the journey of life, he talks of death as being slow, depressive and lonely. He says, "Soon I shall look out into nothing but blackness". This dark portrait of death is dark, fearful yet beautiful. In Out of Time, slessor again about death. He say's, "The gulls go down, the body dies and rots". This literal image of death which one can not talk of it as being beautiful, quite the opposite actually. In Beach Burial however he paints a soldiers death. Slessor says, "Enlisted on the other front". The reader envisions this as if their soldiers were doomed before the battle, the 'other front' which he talks of is of course the afterlife. Later in the poem he says, "The convoys of dead soldiers come". His use of the word convoy gives the audience a military type picture, but mental image is copious amounts of soldiers coming to their deaths. His imagery of time too is very important in his poems. In Night Ride, he talks about time as being slow but fast at times. A train which the ...

Macbeth- Ambition

Macbeth’s ambition is a driving force throughout the play that eventually leads to his downfall. In act one there are many situations where ambition is suggested to be Macbeths fatal flaw. Macbeth is made Thane of Cawdor immediately after the strange witches’ prophecies. In this is scene the asides allow the viewer a glimpse of his ambition to become king. Macbeths aside â€Å"This supernatural soliciting/ Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success, / Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If good. Why do I yield to that suggestion/ Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, / And make my seated hear knock at my ribs† demonstrates his ambitious nature as his immediate solution is to kill the king to ensure the prophecy comes true. This shows Macbeth is willing to give up everything if it means he has a chance at becoming king. He knows if caught he will end up killed. Macbeth knows what he will do is wrong â€Å"Why do I yie ld to that suggestion† but he gives into his own ambition, leading to his downfall.Lady Macbeth also has a hand in making sure Macbeth acts on his desire to become king essay writer pay. When she receives the letter she fears Macbeth humanity will win out over his ambition as displayed in the quote, â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature,/ It is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness/Thou wouldst be great,/ Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it. †. The use of the word ‘milk’ is closely associated with babies and the colour white, both symbols for innocence and purity.It is important to note that Lady Macbeth thinks of Macbeth as being innocent and pure, considering his change in nature further on in the play, largely related to Lady Macbeth tying her ambitions with his to insure her cruelty and lack of purity over powers his. By doing so Macbeths ambition for power takes away his humanity, leaving power crazed tyrant. An other piece of evidence to support that ambition is Macbeths fatal flaw is that he admits and foreshadows is own downfall caused by his ambition, â€Å"I have no spur/ To prick the sides of my intent, but only/ Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself/ And falls on the other†.The metaphor, â€Å"I have no spur/ To prick the sides†¦Ã¢â‚¬  creates imagery as if he is the horse and ambition is what will push im him forward, although he knows he will go too far and it will fall down onto him. Macbeth foreshadowing his downfall caused by his ambitious nature is what reinforces the idea that his fatal flaw is ambition. The examples of Macbeths having ambition associated with his eventual death are not only admitted by Macbeth himself, but also by Lady Macbeth. Macbeths own ambition is what drives him to finally commit numerous murders, signing his own death warrant at the same time making amibition Macbeths fatal flaw.

Black Panther and Ku Klux Klan Essay

After doing research to compare/contrast the two groups, the Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan, it opened my eyes. I realized that the new generation is oblivious to the existence of both groups and the similarities and differences in them. I researched the two different groups to see when the groups came into existence who were the members, why they fought for rights they thought they deserved and the group’s involvement in violent acts and their remnants today. In World War II, blacks fought for the American dream willingly, but separately from the white soldiers. When the war was over, human rights activists of all races and educated blacks thought the soldiers and blacks deserved the right of equality. Malcolm X was one of the many human rights activists. He was an African-American Muslim minister he thought after years of non-violence, signing petitions, marching, praying and crying and blacks doing the impossible to be recognized as human beings, it was time for them to take it into their own hands. Malcolm X was then assassinated February 21, 1965. Today many of his quotes like this one are famous. â€Å"And when I speak, I don’t speak as a Democrat. Or a Republican. Nor an American. I speak as a victim of America’s so-called democracy. You and I have never seen democracy – all we’ve seen is hypocrisy. When we open our eyes today and look around America, we see America not through the eyes of someone who has enjoyed the fruits of Americanism. We see America through the eyes of someone who has been the victim of Americanism. We don’t see any American dream. We’ve experienced only the American nightmare.† The Black Panther Party was then founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale,  in 1966, it was based on ideas which were strongly associated with Malcolm X’s life works it was made up of progressive militant political organization. They advocated Black Nationalism and had strong believes in the necessity of violence and armed self-defense. They patrol African American neighborhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality and to obtain freedom from white oppression. Fought for the rights of American blacks in the US, they called themselves â€Å"Revolutionaries†. Ku Klux Klan on the other hand was founded in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee. The Klan members were many former Confederate veterans determined to fight for the right to restore white supremacy they called themselves â€Å"The Invisible Empire of the South†. Ku Klux Klan believed that black weren’t fighting for right but for special right and that Negros were happier when they had nothing not even their own name. They also showed resistance to policies that gave the right to economic equality for blacks and other minorities. The Black Panthers were non-violent they petitioned for the right for Black Americans to bear arms. Reason being the police weren’t there for their safety or to promote their welfare they were there to contain, brutalize and murder them. With the blacks starting to carry guns came violence. There were shootouts with police which killed many innocent people, riots that destroyed towns, blacks had means to defend themselves but then crime skyrocketed. The Black Panther weren’t organized as some thought and weren’t ready to fight a revolution they just wanted to be treated like an equal and were ready for anything that crossed there path. Ku Klux Klan had and still have a very violent disposition, they could terrorized the black and any other minorities that they thought threatened their white purity as they referred. Being that the sheriff upheld the rights of the Klan and courts upheld the rights of the sheriff. The Klan killed civil right helpers’ blacks and whites. Civil rights helpers assisted blacks learn to read so that they could vote as well as getting them to the poles to vote. KKK burned many churches, schools and were involved in lynching of hundreds. Now after two decades of failure 1982 was the official end of the Black Panther Party they did accomplish one thing a major change in police brutality in Oakland went way down. Black Panther also went back to square one the non-violence approach, by setting up organization to help needy family such as free clinic and free meal programs. Educated blacks and activist in this generation are very disappointed in blacks not getting involved and how they accept the minimum for themselves. KKK on the other hand are still very prominent and doubled in size. They even still to this day try to recruit new members by putting flyers with candy on doors in residential areas, doing pod cast, and even do interviews to try to convince the public what they are doing is right and isn’t racist as all. They are even trying to adopt highways in some states which judges aren’t allowing, even after they try to convince them it’s to keep nature clean.

Baptist Confessions

This essay will consider the English Baptist-Separatist Confession of 1609 and the Mennonite-Dordrecht Confession of 1633. (M) and (B) are used to distinguish the two documents. These two confessions, or statements of belief, are separated by only 24 years in time, and a relatively short distance geographically, one in Holland and one in England, yet there are a number of differences. It was John Smyth, a former Anglican minister, who drew up the Separatist confession. He later sought to align his church more with the Mennonites and after his death many of his congregation did become Mennonites.Despite this he is considered to be a founding father of the Baptist denomination. During the reign of Elizabeth I death was the penalty in England for those holding Anabaptist beliefs according to the Reformed Reader web site. The other document tells us in its heading that it came out of the Dutch Mennonite conference held at Dordrecht . The Mennonites were Anabaptist followers of Menno Simo ns, a Dutch religious reformer and former Catholic priest who had died some 72 years earlier in 1561. Between 1530 and the1590’s some 2,000 believers died for their faith in Holland according to the Continental European Protestantism web page.They were officially tolerated from then on, but many refused to fight in wars on Holland’s part, and preferred to flee elsewhere, some to Poland and the Ukraine and other to America. So both these confessions came at a time when official persecution was lessening. First of all one is much briefer than the other. Although it has some 20 sections the Separatist confession has only short discourses under each heading and runs to less than 2 pages of foolscap, whereas the Mennonite document, although it has only 19 sections is very much longer and more detailed.It is one of many Mennonite statements of faith. A much shorter version can be found on modern day Mennonite web sites. The first 6 of its articles are concerned with things g enerally believed. Then come articles concerned with the life of the church and includes the sacraments of baptism and communion. Articles 13 (M) onwards are concerned more with legal matters such as the relationship between believers and the secular authorities. The final section consists of a declaration of 1659 made by London based Anabaptists and is a refutation of accusations that had been made against them.Rather than a statement of belief it emphasises what they don’t believe e. g. that though they do not themselves practise infant baptism they believe that others should be allowed to follow their own consciences as they would wish to. They state very strongly that they are opposed to the Quakers, but at the same time wish to be tolerant and allow them to practice freely as they believe. They do come out strongly against ‘popery’, whom they blame for many deaths. Although concerned with freedom of conscience they are anxious to let it be known that they wi ll not support miscarriages of justice.This is in response to the fact that at the time of writing it Mennonites could be imprisoned simply for belonging to the group according to Cornelius Dyck in ‘An Introduction to Mennonite History’, pages 133 and 134. The Mennonites, although sticking to what they believe, are anxious to get on with rest of society. They have a section (13) (M) stating that God has allowed secular people to be in authority. In practice this means that though Mennonites will not go to war they will work under secular authorities in such areas as disaster relief and issues of social justice.Baptists too are concerned with such matters as in such organisations as the Baptist Missionary Society. The English Baptist statement spends a larger proportion of its text upon matters of faith and these are given priority. Only three articles, numbers 16-18, (B) are concerned with church business, i. e. who may dispense the word and the sacraments, how to deal with persistent sinners and how to interact with them in civil matters. The Mennonites also make statements of faith of course, but these are intermixed to some extent with such matters as the election of officers and dealing with sinners.On the latter subject the Mennonites are quite strict , referring to the separation from and the total shunning of reprobates, though they do put this in a positive light as being a way of making the person make amends and not in order to cause their destruction ( articles 16 and17 (M)). The Baptists are more pragmatic in their approach. They describe in article 17 (B) how to deal with those who persevere in their sins, but go on to say in the next article that such people are not to be avoided in worldly business.Regarding church practices an obvious difference is the inclusion of foot washing by the Mennonites, article 11,(M) which they felt was commanded by Christ in John 13 v 1- 15. They are one of several Christian groups throughout history wh o have practised this symbolic act, although it seems unlikely that it was included among the practices of the early church. The Baptists make no mention of marriage, despite the fact that many branches of the church consider it to be a sacrament. The Mennonites on the other hand state that it is God ordained and that St Paul allowed it within the church.(Article 12 (M)) They do state though that it should be between Christians who share common doctrine. In practice this means of course fellow Mennonites. Regarding Baptism the English Baptists make it very clear that it cannot be given to infants ( Article 14 (B)). The Mennonites in their confession ( Article 7 (M)) do not directly mention infants, but make it clear that it is for those who understand what they are doing and confess to faith, whereas this Baptist confession merely says that it is an external sign of the remission of sins, but makes no mention of public confession of faith.The Baptist confession describes its ministe rs as bishops and also mentions deacons and widows. (Article 16 (B)) It describes the church simply as ‘a company of the faithful’,( Article 12(B)) and gives the whole body authority to make decisions. ( article 13 (B)). The Mennonites refer to the church in much more elaborate language as the bride of Christ and the inhabitation of God in the Spirit. The Mennonites refer to the church leaders in slightly different terms as teachers, deacons and deaconesses, though they do make it clear further on that the latter term refers to widows.They refer to Jesus as the Bishop ( Article 9 (M)) and it is men who will do the teaching. There are of course many areas in which the two documents are in agreement. E. g. both refer to God as a trinity and as creator and that good works come out of faith rather than the other way round. In Article 5 (B) the Separatist states that there is ‘no original sin’ i. e. one is not a sinner by descent. This is in total contrast to Ar ticle 2 (M) of the Mennonite confession which states that because of the disobedience of Adam and Eve sin came into the world and has descended to all mankind, though both agree that man can be redeemed through Christ.The Mennonites are very concerned that faith is up to the individual, which explains their tolerance to the state and willingness to pay taxes etc. ( Article 13 (M)) Regarding communion, Menno left the Catholic church in part because of his lack of belief in the actual presence of Christ in the elements. The Mennonite document speaks rather of a holy supper,(Article 10 (M)), as commanded by Christ and in memory of what he had done.Smyth describes it on the other hand as ‘an external sign of the communion of Christ and of the faithful’ – Article 15 (B) and makes no mention of it being either a command or a memorial. Mennonites do not take oaths and quote scripture to back this up. They ask that others will understand and just take them at their word. Another area mentioned by the Mennonites and not by the Baptists is what they refer to as revenge, but which perhaps their fellow countrymen saw as justified war fare. The Mennonite statement in article 14 (M) explains their scriptural reasoning for this stand.Baptists would agree with them, but for some reason it is not mentioned. Many of the differences in these two documents are simply due to the type of authorship – one man as against a committee, the later being careful to check with each other before committing themselves to final wording, not omitting any point considered valid, hence the more complex language and greater length. Ye both groups would agree about many things – the need for faith and understanding before baptism, the greatness of God and the unique nature of Christ and his redeeming action.Both share a belief in the resurrection and in life eternal, even though they express this in slightly different ways, the Mennonites backing up their statemen ts with scripture and the Baptists seemingly taking this as understood. These two groups came into being because of the Reformation and new ideas that were around at that time, especially with regard to the onus on an individual to come to faith, rather than being automatically part of the church, because he had been baptised as an infant, without either faith or understanding on his part.The biggest difference between the two seems to be with regard to man’s sinful nature and how he acquired it.. Baptists and Mennonites continue to worship and live according to their conscience. Not every Christian would agree with every word written in these confessions, but it is to be hoped, that like the writers and followers they would be tolerant in Christian love. Biblography Dyck, Cornelius J. An Introduction to Mennonite History, Herald Press, Pennsylvania,1993Electronic Sources Central European Protestantism, Mennonites found at http://philtar. ucsm. ac. uk/encyclopedia/christ/cep/ menn. html retrieved 28th September 2007 Mennonites found at http://mb-soft. com/believe/text/mennonit. htm retrieved 28th September 2007. English Baptist Separatist Confessions found at The Reformed Reader http://www. reformedreader. org/ccc/esbc. htm retrieved 28th September 2007